python3学习之基础篇

python2.7
python3.5

一个据说是在圣诞节期间无聊写的。。。。
万恶的资本主义假期真长！！！
好不容易放个假多睡会觉不行吗！！！

1,确认安装

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test$ python

Python 2.7.6 (default, Jun 22 2015, 17:58:13)

[GCC 4.8.2] on linux2

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> exit

Use exit() or Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit

>>> exit()

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test$ python3

Python 3.4.0 (default, Jun 19 2015, 14:20:21)

[GCC 4.8.2] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> exit()

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test$ mkdir python3

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test$ cd python3/

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ ll

总用量 8

drwxrwxr-x 2 senrsl senrsl 4096 6月 14 11:12 ./

drwxrwxr-x 10 senrsl senrsl 4096 6月 14 11:12 ../

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$

安了python2.7.6跟python3.4.0

2,Hello,World
1)命令行输出

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ python3

Python 3.4.0 (default, Jun 19 2015, 14:20:21)

[GCC 4.8.2] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> 100+200

300

>>> 1+2

3

>>> 2*3

6

>>> 2/3

0.6666666666666666

>>> 2/0

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

>>> print("hello,world");

hello,world

>>> exit

Use exit() or Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit

>>> exit();

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$

2)文件输出

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ touch helloWorld.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ echo print('hello,world!')>>helloWorld.py

bash: 未预期的符号 `(' 附近有语法错误

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ echo "print('hello,world!')">>helloWorld.py

echo "print('hello,world'/home/senrsl/下载 /Appstore_1.0.1012.1_Cadillac_X(20160530)_tanzhen.apk' )">>helloWorld.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ cat helloWorld.py

print('hello,world'/home/senrsl/下载 /Appstore_1.0.1012.1_Cadillac_X(20160530)_tanzhen.apk' )

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ echo "print('hello,world!')">>helloWorld.py

echo "print('hello,world'/home/senrsl/下载 /Appstore_1.0.1012.1_Cadillac_X(20160530)_tanzhen.apk' )">>helloWorld.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ echo "print('hello,world')">>helloWorld.pysenrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ cat helloWorld.py

print('hello,world'/home/senrsl/下载 /Appstore_1.0.1012.1_Cadillac_X(20160530)_tanzhen.apk' )

print('hello,world'/home/senrsl/下载 /Appstore_1.0.1012.1_Cadillac_X(20160530)_tanzhen.apk' )

print('hello,world')

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ echo "print('hello,world')">helloWorld.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ cat helloWorld.py

print('hello,world')

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ python3 helloWorld.py

hello,world

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$

目测appstore_tanzhen走错片场。。。。

3)可执行文件

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ gedit helloWorld.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ cat helloWorld.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3

print('hello,world')

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ chmod a+x helloWorld.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ ./helloWorld.py

hello,world

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$

跟linux shell一样，告诉系统去找什么，然后chmod加权限

4)输入输出
定义变量name接收函数input()的接收内容，可以直接输入变量名查看结果，或使用print()函数打印

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ python3

Python 3.4.0 (default, Jun 19 2015, 14:20:21)

[GCC 4.8.2] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> name = input();

senRsl

>>> name

'senRsl'

>>> print(name);

senRsl

>>> name = input("名字：");

名字：senRsl

>>> print("你好,",name);

你好, senRsl

>>> print("1024 * 768 = ",1024*768);

1024 * 768 = 786432

>>>

3，基本语法
1)规范
①#号后是注释；
②:号后是代码块；
③缩进标准为4个空格；
④大小写敏感；
⑤弱数据类型

2)数据类型与运算符
①整数：无大小限制
②浮点：超出范围会报inf（infinty）
③字符串：堆，引用
④布尔：True/False
⑤逻辑运算符：and，or，not(单目，同非～)
⑥算数运算符：+，-，*，**（幂），/（除以），//（地板除/floor division/向下取整/商），%（取余）；
⑦空：None
⑧集合：
    a)list(列表，有序，一个又像数组又像集合的东西),
    b)tuple(元组[ tʌpl ]，有序，元素指向不可变)，
    c)dict(字典，dictionary，键值对key-value,key不能重复,无序)，
    d)set(无序，不可重复，创建于list);
⑨应该有其他吧

基本数据类型：

>>> print("fuck\n \t \" ' \\ ok");

fuck

     " ' \ ok

>>> 1>1

False

>>> 1>1 or True

True

>>> 1>1 and True

False

>>> 1>1 not True

File "<stdin>", line 1

    1>1 not True

               ^

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> not True

False

>>> not 1

False

>>>

字符r表示字符串默认不转义：

>>> n=123;f=456.789;

>>> s1="Hello,world!";s2="Hello,\'Adam\'";s3=r"Hello,'Bart'";s4=r'''Hello,

... Lisa!''';

>>> print(n,f,s1,s2,s3,s4);

123 456.789 Hello,world! Hello,'Adam' Hello,'Bart' Hello,

Lisa!

>>>

列表list的用法：

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~$ python3

Python 3.4.0 (default, Jun 19 2015, 14:20:21)

[GCC 4.8.2] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> names = ["小A","小B","大C"];

>>> names

['小A', '小B', '大C']

>>> len(names);

3

>>> names[0];

'小A'

>>> names[2]

'大C'

>>> names[-1];

'大C'

>>> names[-2];

'小B'

>>> names.append("D");

>>> names

['小A', '小B', '大C', 'D']

>>> names.insert(3,'小C');

>>> names

['小A', '小B', '大C', '小C', 'D']

>>> names.pop();

'D'

>>> names

['小A', '小B', '大C', '小C']

>>> names.pop(1);

'小B'

>>> names

['小A', '大C', '小C']

>>> names[1]= "小B";

>>> names

['小A', '小B', '小C']

>>> names.append(123);

>>> names.append(True);

>>> names

['小A', '小B', '小C', 123, True]

>>> name2s = ["2小A","2小B","2大C"];

>>> name2s

['2小A', '2小B', '2大C']

>>> names.append(name2s);

>>> names

['小A', '小B', '小C', 123, True, ['2小A', '2小B', '2大C']]

>>> names[5][2]

'2大C'

>>>

列表tuple的用法：

>>> tuple = (1,2);

>>> tuple

(1, 2)

>>> tuple1 = (1,);

>>> tuple1

(1,)

>>>

列表里的内容是可以重复的：

>>> L = [ ["A","G","M"],["J","P","R","P"],["A","B","L"] ];

>>> L

[['A', 'G', 'M'], ['J', 'P', 'R', 'P'], ['A', 'B', 'L']]

>>> print(L[0][0]);

A

>>> print(L[1][1]);

P

>>> print(L[2][2]);

L

>>>

字典dict的用法：

>>> names = {"小Ａ":1,"小B":2,"大C":3};

>>> names["小B"]

2

>>> names["D"]=4

>>> names

{'小B': 2, 'D': 4, '大C': 3, '小Ａ': 1}

>>> "小B" in names

True

>>> names.get("小B");

2

>>> names.pop("小B");

2

>>> names

{'D': 4, '大C': 3, '小Ａ': 1}

>>>

set的用法：

>>> s = set([1,2,3]);

>>> s

{1, 2, 3}

>>> s = set([1,2,3,0,1,2,3]);

>>> s

{0, 1, 2, 3}

>>> s.add(-1);

>>> s

{0, 1, 2, 3, -1}

>>> s.remove(-1);

>>> s

{0, 1, 2, 3}

>>> s1 = set([1,2]);

>>> s & s1

{1, 2}

>>> s | s1

{0, 1, 2, 3}

>>>

3）编码
①字符编解码

>>> ord("A");

65

>>> chr(65);

'A'

>>> "A".encode("ascii");

b'A'

>>> "A".encode("utf-8");

b'A'

>>> "A".encode("gb2312");

b'A'

>>> "啊".encode("utf-8");

b'\xe5\x95\x8a'

>>> b'\xe5\x95\x8a'.decode("utf-8");

'啊'

>>> len("啊");

1

>>>

②源代码编码
在源代码中声明文件编码，是为了让python知道用什么编码读

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ cat helloWorld.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3

print('hello,world');

print("你好,大爷");

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ python helloWorld.py

File "helloWorld.py", line 5

SyntaxError: Non-ASCII character '\xe4' in file helloWorld.py on line 5, but no encoding declared; see http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0263.html for details

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ gedit helloWorld.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ cat helloWorld.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

print('hello,world');

print("你好,大爷");

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ python3 helloWorld.py

hello,world

你好,大爷

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$

4)格式化输出
格式化输出：

>>> print("hello,%s!do you know %d + %00d = %.2f,%% is \%" %(input("name:"),int(input("整数：")),int(input("整数2号：")),float(input("浮点数：")) ));

name:world

整数：1

整数2号：2

浮点数：3

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

ValueError: incomplete format

>>> print("hello,%s!do you know %d + %00d = %.2f,%% is %%" %(input("name:"),int(input("整数：")),int(input("整数2号：")),float(input("浮点数：")) ));

name:worldddddd

整数：1

整数2号：2

浮点数：3

hello,worldddddd!do you know 1 + 2 = 3.00,% is %

>>> print("hello,%s!do you know %d + %00d = %.2f,%% is %%" %(input("name:"),int(input("整数：")),int(input("整数2号：")),float(input("浮点数：")) ));

name:worldd

整数：1

整数2号：2

浮点数：3.1234567

hello,worldd!do you know 1 + 2 = 3.12,% is %

>>>

说明
①input()函数接收到的都是字符串；
②%的转义必须是%%，不能是\%；

小明再现

>>> print("%.1f"% ((85-72)/85) );

0.2

>>>

5)控制语句
①条件语句if-else

>>> if 1>2:

... print("1大于20");

... else:

... print("2大于1");

...

2大于1

>>>

注意冒号跟四个空格

②循环语句for-in

>>> for l in L:

... print(l);

...

['A', 'G', 'M']

['J', 'P', 'R', 'P']

['A', 'B', 'L']

>>>

心算

>>> for x in range(101):

... sum = sum + x;

...

>>> print(sum);

5050

>>>

③循环语句while

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~$ python3

Python 3.4.0 (default, Jun 19 2015, 14:20:21)

[GCC 4.8.2] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> sum = 0;i=0;

>>> while i<100:

... sum = sum+i;

... i = i + 1;

...

>>> print(sum);

4950

>>>

小心死循环

4，函数
1)API
地址：https://docs.python.org/
或者内置的使用help(xxx);q退出

2)数据类型转换函数

>>> int("1");

1

>>> int("1.1");

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '1.1'

>>> int(1.1);

1

>>> float("1.1");

1.1

>>> float(1);

1.0

>>> str(111);

'111'

>>> bool(1);

True

>>> bool(0);

False

>>> bool("111");

True

>>> bool("");

False

>>> i = int;

>>> i("111");

111

>>>

最后一个是函数的别名。

3)定义函数

>>> def testMethod(x):

... print(x);

...

>>> testMethod("sssss");

sssss

>>> t = testMethod;

>>> t("测试");

测试

>>> print(t("测"));

测

None

>>>

拿来占位置的pass：

>>> def nop():

... pass;

...

>>> nop();

>>>

参数检查：

>>> def testMethod01(x):

...     if not isinstance(x,(int,float)):

...         raise TypeError("类型错误");

...     print("输出",x);

...

>>> t1 = testMethod01;

>>> t1("123");

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

File "<stdin>", line 3, in testMethod01

TypeError: 类型错误

>>> t1(123);

输出 123

>>>

函数返回多个值：

>>> import math;

>>> def testMath(x,y,z=0):

... return x+y,x-y,z;

...

>>> t2 = testMath;

>>> t2(1,2);

(3, -1, 0)

>>> x,y = t2(1,2);

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 2)

>>> x = t2(1,2);

>>> print(x);

(3, -1, 0)

>>>

返回的就是一个tuple

一元二次方程是什么。。。。

4)参数
好乱的参数

>>> def testMethod02(x,y=1,z=2,a="fuck",*args,**kw):

... print(x,y,z,a,args,kw);

...

>>> testMethod02(1);

1 1 2 fuck () {}

>>> def testMethod03(x,y,z=0,*,a,**kw):

... print(x,y,z,a,kw);

...

>>> testMethod03(1,2,a=111,ext=None);

1 2 0 111 {'ext': None}

>>> args = (1,2,3,4);

>>> kw = {"d":111,"dd":111111};

>>> testMethod02(*args,**kw);

1 2 3 4 () {'d': 111, 'dd': 111111}

>>> args = (1,2,3,4,5);

>>> testMethod02(*args,**kw);

1 2 3 4 (5,) {'d': 111, 'dd': 111111}

>>>

尾递归，就是每运算一次就得出相应结果，然后进行下次运算。

5，高级特性

1)切片Slice
切list：

>>> L = ["A0","B1","C2","D3","E4"];

>>> L[0:3];

['A0', 'B1', 'C2']

>>> L[:3];

['A0', 'B1', 'C2']

>>> L[-2:]

['D3', 'E4']

>>> L[:];

['A0', 'B1', 'C2', 'D3', 'E4']

>>>

切tuple：

>>> (0,1,2,3,4,5)[:3]

(0, 1, 2)

>>>

切字符串：

>>> "ABCDE"[:3]

'ABC'

隔空取物：

>>> L = list(range(100));

>>> L[10:50:5];

[10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45]

>>> L[::10];

[0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90]

>>>

上面是10-15，每隔5个取一个；
所有数，隔10个取一个；

2)迭代Iteration

迭代map：

>>> dict = {"A":0,"B":1,"C":2,"D":3};

>>> for key in dict:

...    print(key);

...

C

A

B

D

>>> for value in dict:

...     print(value);

...

C

A

B

D

>>> for value in dict.values():

...     print(value);

...

2

0

1

3

>>> for k,v in dict.items():

...     print(k,v);

...

C 2

A 0

B 1

D 3

>>>

带下标的迭代：

>>> for i,v in enumerate(["A","B","C"]):

... print(i,v);

...

0 A

1 B

2 C

>>>

>>> for i,v in enumerate("ABCDEFG"):

... print(i,v);

...

0 A

1 B

2 C

3 D

4 E

5 F

6 G

>>>

判断是不是可以被迭代：

>>> from collections import Iterable;

>>> isinstance("abcdeeeee",Iterable);

True

>>> isinstance([0,1,2,3],Iterable);

True

>>> isinstance(12344,Iterable);

False

>>>

3)列表生成器List Comprehensions
懒得吐槽

>>> [x * x for x in range(1,11)];

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

>>> [x * x for x in range(1,11)if x % 2 ==0 ];

[4, 16, 36, 64, 100]

>>>

>>> [ m +n for m in "ABC" for n in "XYZ"];

['AX', 'AY', 'AZ', 'BX', 'BY', 'BZ', 'CX', 'CY', 'CZ']

>>>

>>> import os;

>>> [d for d in os.listdir(".")];

['.charles', '.subversion', '.rnd', '.hardinfo', '.android', '.bashrc~', '.gradle', '.charles.config', '.AndroidStudio1.4', '.gerritcodereview', '.hplip', 'examples.desktop', '.profile', '.bash_history', '.ssh', '.audacity-data', '.ICEauthority', '公共的', '.repo_.gitconfig.json', '模板', '桌面', '.p2', 'share', 'doc', '图片', '音乐', '.dbus', '.config', '.thumbnails', '.gnome', '.bashrc.save.1', '.repopickle_.gitconfig', '.python_history', '.kingsoft', '文档', 'java', '.gphoto', '.gnome2_private', '.gnome2', '.wine', 'test', '视频', '.bashrc.save', '.mozilla', 'android', '.nvidia-settings-rc', '.bashrc', '.remmina', '.m2', '.thunderbird', '.bash_logout', '.jack', '.compiz', '.local', '.eclipse', '.cache', '.Xauthority', '.sunpinyin', '.repoconfig', '.apport-ignore.xml', '.java', 'j2ee', 'PRETTY_HOSTNAME=SENRSL_UBT', '.xsession-errors.old', '.lesshst', '.dmrc', '.xinputrc', '.gitconfig', '.git-credentials', 'VirtualBox VMs', '.gksu.lock', '.gconf', '.pki', 'tools', '.gitconfig~', '下载', '.freerdp', '.gvfs', '.idm', '.xsession-errors', '.npm', '.nv', '.gimp-2.8']

>>>

4)生成器generator
第一种：

>>> g = (x * x for x in range(10));

>>> for n in g:

... print(n);

...

0

1

4

9

16

25

36

49

64

81

>>> g

<generator object <genexpr> at 0x7fd2484e78b8>

>>>

第二种：

>>> def fibonacci(max):

...     n,a,b = 0,0,1;

...     while n < max:

...         yield b;

...         a,b = b,a+b;

...         n = n+1;

...     return "done";

...

>>> f1 = fibonacci(6);

>>> f1

<generator object fibonacci at 0x7fd2484da558>

>>>

W)读取的时候会记住上次读取的位置，读到最后再接着读就不到了

>>> f1 = fibonacci(6);

>>> while(1):

...     try:

...        x = next(f1);

...        print(x);

...     except StopIteration as e:

...         print(e.value);

...         break;

...

1

1

2

3

5

8

done

>>> while(1):

...     try:

...        x = next(f1);

...        print(x);

...     except StopIteration as e:

...         print(e.value);

...         break;

...

None

>>>

杨辉三角：
法1)

>>> def pas_triangles():

...     a = [1];

...     while True:

...         yield a;

...         a = [ sum(i) for i in zip([0] + a,a+[0]) ];

...

>>> g = pas_triangles();

>>> for n in range(10):

...     print(next(g));

...

[1]

[1, 1]

[1, 2, 1]

[1, 3, 3, 1]

[1, 4, 6, 4, 1]

[1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1]

[1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, 1]

[1, 7, 21, 35, 35, 21, 7, 1]

[1, 8, 28, 56, 70, 56, 28, 8, 1]

[1, 9, 36, 84, 126, 126, 84, 36, 9, 1]

>>>

法2)：

>>> def pas_triangles():

...     N = [1];

...     while True:

...         yield N;

...         N.append(0);

...         N = [ N[i-1] + N[i] for i in range(len(N)) ];

...

>>> g2 = pas_triangles();

>>> for n in range(10):

...     print(next(g2));

...

[1]

[1, 1]

[1, 2, 1]

[1, 3, 3, 1]

[1, 4, 6, 4, 1]

[1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1]

[1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, 1]

[1, 7, 21, 35, 35, 21, 7, 1]

[1, 8, 28, 56, 70, 56, 28, 8, 1]

[1, 9, 36, 84, 126, 126, 84, 36, 9, 1]

>>>

以上，俩函数完全看不懂。。。。

6，函数式编程Functional Programming

1)高阶函数Higher-order function
函数名也是变量；
变量可以指向函数；
函数参数可以传入函数；
示例如下：

>>> def a(a,b,f):

... return f(a) + f(b);

...

>>> a(5,6,abs);

11

>>>

把函数作为参数传入，就是高阶函数。函数式编程就是这种高度抽象的编程范式。

①map：
map的作用是把函数依次作用到每个元素。

>>> def f3(x):

... return x * x;

...

>>> r = map(f3,[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]);

>>> list(r);

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

>>>

②reduce：
reduce的作用是把函数作用在一个序列上。

>>> from functools import reduce;

>>> def add(x,y):

... return x+y;

...

>>> reduce(add,[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]);

45

>>>

③filter：
filter的作用是对每个元素进行过滤。

>>> def notEmpty(s):

... return s and s.strip();

...

>>> list(filter(notEmpty,["A","B",None,"C",""," "," "]));

['A', 'B', 'C']

>>>

④sorted：
sorted对每个元素进行排序。
>>> sorted([2,1,3,5,4,9,4,2,1,8]);

[1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 8, 9]

>>> sorted([2,1,3,5,4,-9,4,2,-1,8]);

[-9, -1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 8]

>>> sorted([2,1,3,5,4,-9,4,2,-1,8],key=abs);

[1, -1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 8, -9]

>>> sorted([2,1,3,5,4,-9,4,2,-1,8],key=abs,reverse=True);

[-9, 8, 5, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2, 1, -1]

>>>

第四行的是绝对值后再排序；
第六行的是排序结果反转。

2)闭包
函数里的函数

>>> def count():

...     fs = [];

...     for i in range(1,4):

...         def f():

...             return i*i;

...         fs.append(f);

...     return fs;

...

>>> f1,f2,f3 = count();

>>> f1();

9

>>> f1

<function count.<locals>.f at 0x7fd2484dbb70>

>>> f2();

9

>>> f3();

9

>>>

3)匿名函数
关键字lambda表示匿名函数；
冒号前面的x表示函数参数；
只能有一个表达式；

>>> list(map(lambda x:x*x,[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,94]));

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 8836]

>>>

4)装饰器decorator
在代码运行期间动态增加功能的方式。

二层嵌套：

>>> f3.__name__

'f'

>>> f1.__name__

'f'

>>> def log(func):

...     def wrapper(*args,**kw):

...         print("call %s():" % func.__name__);

...         return func(*args,**kw);

...     return wrapper;

...

>>> @log

... def now():

...     print("2016年06月17日11:21:34");

...

>>> now();

call now():

2016年06月17日11:21:34

>>>

三层嵌套：

>>> def log(text):

...     def decorator(func):

...         def wrapper(*args,**kw):

...             print("%s %s():" % (text,func.__name__));

...             return func(*args,**kw);

...         return wrapper;

...     return decorator;

...

>>> @log("执行");

File "<stdin>", line 1

    @log("执行");

              ^

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> @log("执行")

... def now():

...     print("2016年06月17日17:26:02");

...

>>> now();

执行 now():

2016年06月17日17:26:02

>>>

内置工具：

>>> import functools;

>>> def log(func):

...     @functools.wraps(func)

...     def wrapper(*args,**kw):

...         print("call %s():" % func.__name__);

...         return func(*args,**kw);

...     return wrapper;

...

>>> @log

... def now():

...     print("2016年06月17日17:30:46");

...

>>> now();

call now():

2016年06月17日17:30:46

>>>

也是内置工具：

>>> import functools;

>>> def log(text):

...     def decorator(func):

...         @functools.wraps(func)

...         def wrapper(*args,**kw):

...             print("%s %s():" % (text,func.__name__));

...             return func(*args,**kw);

...         return wrapper;

...     return decorator;

...

>>> @log("再次执行")

... def now():

...     print("2016年06月17日17:34:14");

...

>>> now();

再次执行 now():

2016年06月17日17:34:14

>>>

这翻译我已经忍你很久了。。。。

这玩意就是个注解！！！

这翻译真能误导人。

5)偏函数Partial function

>>> import functools;

>>> int2 = functools.partial(int,base=2);

>>> int2("100000");

32

>>> int2("1111111");

127

>>>

7，模块
一个.py文件就是一个模块Module。
按目录来组织模块，称为包Package。
每个包下面都要有一个__init__.py。

1)基本规则

建模块：

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ touch helloWorld01.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ vi helloWorld01.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ cat helloWorld01.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

"这是注释"

__author__ = "senRsl";

import sys;

def test():

    args = sys.argv;

    if len(args)==1:

        print("你好啊");

    elif len(args) == 2:

        print("Hello,%s" % args[1]);

    else:

        print("参数：",len(args));

if __name__ == "__main__":

    test();

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ chmod a+x helloWorld01.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ python3 helloWorld01.py

你好啊

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ python3 helloWorld01.py 00000

Hello,00000

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ python3 helloWorld01.py 00000 11111 2222

参数： 4

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$

导入模块：

Python 3.4.0 (default, Jun 19 2015, 14:20:21)

[GCC 4.8.2] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> import helloWorld01;

>>> helloWorld01.test();

你好啊

>>>

正常的都是public；
__xxx___这种是有特殊意义的；
_xx跟__xxx这种一般用作私有；

2)第三方模块
使用pip工具安装第三方模块
第三方模块在这里找：https://pypi.python.org/

安装pip工具：

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ pip ?

程序"pip"尚未安装。您可以使用以下命令安装：

sudo apt-get install python-pip

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ pip3 ？

程序"pip3"尚未安装。您可以使用以下命令安装：

sudo apt-get install python3-pip

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ pip3 ?

程序"pip3"尚未安装。您可以使用以下命令安装：

sudo apt-get install python3-pip

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ sudo apt-get install python3-pip

[sudo] password for senrsl:

正在读取软件包列表... 完成

正在分析软件包的依赖关系树

正在读取状态信息... 完成

将会安装下列额外的软件包：

libpython3-dev libpython3.4 libpython3.4-dev libpython3.4-minimal

libpython3.4-stdlib python-chardet-whl python-colorama-whl

python-distlib-whl python-html5lib-whl python-pip-whl python-requests-whl

python-setuptools-whl python-six-whl python-urllib3-whl python3-colorama

python3-dev python3-distlib python3-html5lib python3-setuptools

python3-urllib3 python3-wheel python3.4 python3.4-dev python3.4-minimal

建议安装的软件包：

python3-genshi python3.4-venv python3.4-doc

下列【新】软件包将被安装：

libpython3-dev libpython3.4-dev python-chardet-whl python-colorama-whl

python-distlib-whl python-html5lib-whl python-pip-whl python-requests-whl

python-setuptools-whl python-six-whl python-urllib3-whl python3-colorama

python3-dev python3-distlib python3-html5lib python3-pip python3-setuptools

python3-wheel python3.4-dev

下列软件包将被升级：

libpython3.4 libpython3.4-minimal libpython3.4-stdlib python3-urllib3

python3.4 python3.4-minimal

升级了 6 个软件包，新安装了 19 个软件包，要卸载 0 个软件包，有 345 个软件包未被升级。

需要下载 24.9 MB 的软件包。

解压缩后会消耗掉 34.4 MB 的额外空间。

您希望继续执行吗？ [Y/n] Y

获取：1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main python3-urllib3 all 1.7.1-1ubuntu4 [39.6 kB]

获取：2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main libpython3.4 amd64 3.4.3-1ubuntu1~14.04.3 [1,308 kB]

获取：3 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main python3.4 amd64 3.4.3-1ubuntu1~14.04.3 [177 kB]

获取：4 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main libpython3.4-stdlib amd64 3.4.3-1ubuntu1~14.04.3 [1,986 kB]

获取：5 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main python3.4-minimal amd64 3.4.3-1ubuntu1~14.04.3 [1,223 kB]

获取：6 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main libpython3.4-minimal amd64 3.4.3-1ubuntu1~14.04.3 [461 kB]

获取：7 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main libpython3.4-dev amd64 3.4.3-1ubuntu1~14.04.3 [17.8 MB]

获取：8 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libpython3-dev amd64 3.4.0-0ubuntu2 [7,002 B]

获取：9 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/universe python-chardet-whl all 2.2.1-2~ubuntu1 [170 kB]

获取：10 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/universe python-colorama-whl all 0.2.5-0.1ubuntu2 [18.2 kB]

获取：11 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/universe python-distlib-whl all 0.1.8-1ubuntu1 [140 kB]

获取：12 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main python-html5lib-whl all 0.999-3~ubuntu1 [109 kB]

获取：13 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main python-six-whl all 1.5.2-1ubuntu1 [10.5 kB]

获取：14 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main python-urllib3-whl all 1.7.1-1ubuntu4 [64.0 kB]

获取：15 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main python-requests-whl all 2.2.1-1ubuntu0.3 [227 kB]

获取：16 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main python-setuptools-whl all 3.3-1ubuntu2 [244 kB]

获取：17 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/universe python-pip-whl all 1.5.4-1ubuntu3 [111 kB]

获取：18 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/universe python3-colorama all 0.2.5-0.1ubuntu2 [12.0 kB]

获取：19 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main python3.4-dev amd64 3.4.3-1ubuntu1~14.04.3 [419 kB]

获取：20 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main python3-dev amd64 3.4.0-0ubuntu2 [1,192 B]

获取：21 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/universe python3-distlib all 0.1.8-1ubuntu1 [113 kB]

获取：22 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/universe python3-html5lib all 0.999-3~ubuntu1 [79.7 kB]

获取：23 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main python3-setuptools all 3.3-1ubuntu2 [144 kB]

获取：24 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/universe python3-pip all 1.5.4-1ubuntu3 [80.3 kB]

获取：25 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main python3-wheel all 0.24.0-1~ubuntu1 [44.8 kB]

下载 24.9 MB，耗时 5分 6秒 (81.5 kB/s)

(正在读取数据库 ... 系统当前共安装有 218132 个文件和目录。)

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senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$

安装图片处理库

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ pip3 install Pillow

Downloading/unpacking Pillow

Downloading Pillow-3.2.0.zip (10.5MB): 10.5MB downloaded

Running setup.py (path:/tmp/pip_build_senrsl/Pillow/setup.py) egg_info for package Pillow



    warning: no files found matching '*.sh'

    no previously-included directories found matching 'docs/_static'

    warning: no previously-included files found matching '.coveragerc'

    warning: no previously-included files found matching '.editorconfig'

    warning: no previously-included files found matching '.landscape.yaml'

    warning: no previously-included files found matching 'appveyor.yml'

    warning: no previously-included files found matching 'build_children.sh'

    warning: no previously-included files found matching 'tox.ini'

    warning: no previously-included files matching '.git*' found anywhere in distribution

    warning: no previously-included files matching '*.pyc' found anywhere in distribution

    warning: no previously-included files matching '*.so' found anywhere in distribution

Installing collected packages: Pillow

Running setup.py install for Pillow



    warning: no files found matching '*.sh'

    no previously-included directories found matching 'docs/_static'

    warning: no previously-included files found matching '.coveragerc'

    warning: no previously-included files found matching '.editorconfig'

    warning: no previously-included files found matching '.landscape.yaml'

    warning: no previously-included files found matching 'appveyor.yml'

    warning: no previously-included files found matching 'build_children.sh'

    warning: no previously-included files found matching 'tox.ini'

    warning: no previously-included files matching '.git*' found anywhere in distribution

    warning: no previously-included files matching '*.pyc' found anywhere in distribution

    warning: no previously-included files matching '*.so' found anywhere in distribution

    Traceback (most recent call last):

      File "<string>", line 1, in <module>

      File "/tmp/pip_build_senrsl/Pillow/setup.py", line 767, in <module>

        zip_safe=not debug_build(), )

      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/core.py", line 148, in setup

        dist.run_commands()

      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/dist.py", line 955, in run_commands

        self.run_command(cmd)

      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/dist.py", line 974, in run_command

        cmd_obj.run()

      File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/install.py", line 53, in run

        return _install.run(self)

      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/command/install.py", line 583, in run

        self.run_command('build')

      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/cmd.py", line 313, in run_command

        self.distribution.run_command(command)

      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/dist.py", line 974, in run_command

        cmd_obj.run()

      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/command/build.py", line 126, in run

        self.run_command(cmd_name)

      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/cmd.py", line 313, in run_command

        self.distribution.run_command(command)

      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/dist.py", line 974, in run_command

        cmd_obj.run()

      File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/command/build_ext.py", line 339, in run

        self.build_extensions()

      File "/tmp/pip_build_senrsl/Pillow/setup.py", line 512, in build_extensions

        ' using --disable-%s, aborting' % (f, f))

    ValueError: jpeg is required unless explicitly disabled using --disable-jpeg, aborting

    Complete output from command /usr/bin/python3 -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip_build_senrsl/Pillow/setup.py';exec(compile(getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__).read().replace('\r\n', '\n'), __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-9zk2hx82-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile:

    running install

running build

running build_py

creating build

creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4

creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageStat.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/IcnsImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/JpegImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImtImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/XbmImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/WmfImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageMode.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/PpmImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/MpegImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/PdfImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/features.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageMorph.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/DcxImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/GdImageFile.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/BufrStubImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImagePalette.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/MspImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageMath.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/JpegPresets.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/Image.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/PcxImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/XpmImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageDraw2.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageWin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ExifTags.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/OleFileIO.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/EpsImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageFilter.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/TiffTags.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/IcoImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/PalmImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/Jpeg2KImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/WebPImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageShow.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/McIdasImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/TgaImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/SunImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/PyAccess.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/PngImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/PixarImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/WalImageFile.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/BmpImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageQt.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/GifImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageSequence.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageColor.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/FliImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageChops.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/BdfFontFile.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/PsdImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageTransform.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/GbrImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageDraw.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/FontFile.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/DdsImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/_binary.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/PcdImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/XVThumbImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImagePath.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageGrab.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/IptcImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/FitsStubImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ContainerIO.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/GribStubImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/SpiderImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/Hdf5StubImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageCms.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/PcfFontFile.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/FpxImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageTk.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/GimpPaletteFile.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/_util.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/MicImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageOps.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/GimpGradientFile.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageEnhance.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageFont.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/ImageFile.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/CurImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/TarIO.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/SgiImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/MpoImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/PaletteFile.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/PSDraw.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

copying PIL/FtexImagePlugin.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

running egg_info

writing dependency_links to Pillow.egg-info/dependency_links.txt

writing Pillow.egg-info/PKG-INFO

writing top-level names to Pillow.egg-info/top_level.txt

warning: manifest_maker: standard file '-c' not found

reading manifest file 'Pillow.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'

reading manifest template 'MANIFEST.in'

warning: no files found matching '*.sh'

no previously-included directories found matching 'docs/_static'

warning: no previously-included files found matching '.coveragerc'

warning: no previously-included files found matching '.editorconfig'

warning: no previously-included files found matching '.landscape.yaml'

warning: no previously-included files found matching 'appveyor.yml'

warning: no previously-included files found matching 'build_children.sh'

warning: no previously-included files found matching 'tox.ini'

warning: no previously-included files matching '.git*' found anywhere in distribution

warning: no previously-included files matching '*.pyc' found anywhere in distribution

warning: no previously-included files matching '*.so' found anywhere in distribution

writing manifest file 'Pillow.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'

copying PIL/OleFileIO-README.md -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/PIL

running build_ext

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<string>", line 1, in <module>

File "/tmp/pip_build_senrsl/Pillow/setup.py", line 767, in <module>

    zip_safe=not debug_build(), )

File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/core.py", line 148, in setup

    dist.run_commands()

File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/dist.py", line 955, in run_commands

    self.run_command(cmd)

File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/dist.py", line 974, in run_command

    cmd_obj.run()

File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/setuptools/command/install.py", line 53, in run

    return _install.run(self)

File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/command/install.py", line 583, in run

    self.run_command('build')

File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/cmd.py", line 313, in run_command

    self.distribution.run_command(command)

File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/dist.py", line 974, in run_command

    cmd_obj.run()

File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/command/build.py", line 126, in run

    self.run_command(cmd_name)

File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/cmd.py", line 313, in run_command

    self.distribution.run_command(command)

File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/dist.py", line 974, in run_command

    cmd_obj.run()

File "/usr/lib/python3.4/distutils/command/build_ext.py", line 339, in run

    self.build_extensions()

File "/tmp/pip_build_senrsl/Pillow/setup.py", line 512, in build_extensions

    ' using --disable-%s, aborting' % (f, f))

ValueError: jpeg is required unless explicitly disabled using --disable-jpeg, aborting

----------------------------------------

Cleaning up...

Command /usr/bin/python3 -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip_build_senrsl/Pillow/setup.py';exec(compile(getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__).read().replace('\r\n', '\n'), __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-9zk2hx82-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip_build_senrsl/Pillow

Storing debug log for failure in /home/senrsl/.pip/pip.log

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$

报错了啊

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ sudo apt-get install libtiff4-dev libjpeg8-dev zlib1g-dev \

>     libfreetype6-dev liblcms2-dev libwebp-dev tcl8.5-dev tk8.5-dev python-tk

正在读取软件包列表... 完成

正在分析软件包的依赖关系树

正在读取状态信息... 完成

zlib1g-dev 已经是最新的版本了。

将会安装下列额外的软件包：

libfontconfig1-dev libjbig-dev libjpeg-turbo8-dev liblzma-dev libpng12-0

libpng12-0:i386 libpng12-dev libtcl8.5 libtiff5-dev libtiffxx5 libtk8.5

libwebpdemux1 libxft-dev libxrender-dev libxss-dev tcl8.5 tk8.5

x11proto-render-dev x11proto-scrnsaver-dev

建议安装的软件包：

liblzma-doc tix python-tk-dbg tcl-tclreadline tcl8.5-doc tk8.5-doc

下列【新】软件包将被安装：

libfontconfig1-dev libfreetype6-dev libjbig-dev libjpeg-turbo8-dev

libjpeg8-dev liblcms2-dev liblzma-dev libpng12-dev libtcl8.5 libtiff4-dev

libtiff5-dev libtiffxx5 libtk8.5 libwebp-dev libwebpdemux1 libxft-dev

libxrender-dev libxss-dev python-tk tcl8.5 tcl8.5-dev tk8.5 tk8.5-dev

x11proto-render-dev x11proto-scrnsaver-dev

下列软件包将被升级：

libpng12-0 libpng12-0:i386

升级了 2 个软件包，新安装了 25 个软件包，要卸载 0 个软件包，有 343 个软件包未被升级。

需要下载 10.5 MB 的软件包。

解压缩后会消耗掉 28.5 MB 的额外空间。

您希望继续执行吗？ [Y/n] Y

获取：1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libtcl8.5 amd64 8.5.15-2ubuntu1 [684 kB]

获取：2 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security/main libpng12-0 i386 1.2.50-1ubuntu2.14.04.2 [119 kB]

获取：3 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security/main libpng12-0 amd64 1.2.50-1ubuntu2.14.04.2 [118 kB]

获取：4 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security/main libjbig-dev amd64 2.0-2ubuntu4.1 [6,268 B]

获取：5 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security/main libpng12-dev amd64 1.2.50-1ubuntu2.14.04.2 [206 kB]

获取：6 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libtk8.5 amd64 8.5.15-2ubuntu3 [641 kB]

获取：7 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security/main libfreetype6-dev amd64 2.5.2-1ubuntu2.5 [621 kB]

获取：8 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libwebpdemux1 amd64 0.4.0-4 [7,836 B]

获取：9 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main libfontconfig1-dev amd64 2.11.0-0ubuntu4.1 [664 kB]

获取：10 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security/main libxrender-dev amd64 1:0.9.8-1build0.14.04.1 [23.8 kB]

获取：11 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libjpeg-turbo8-dev amd64 1.3.0-0ubuntu2 [242 kB]

获取：12 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libjpeg8-dev amd64 8c-2ubuntu8 [1,552 B]

获取：13 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main liblcms2-dev amd64 2.5-0ubuntu4 [5,097 kB]

获取：14 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main liblzma-dev amd64 5.1.1alpha+20120614-2ubuntu2 [137 kB]

获取：15 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main x11proto-render-dev all 2:0.11.1-2 [20.1 kB]

获取：16 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libxft-dev amd64 2.3.1-2 [45.8 kB]

获取：17 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main x11proto-scrnsaver-dev all 1.2.2-1 [25.0 kB]

获取：18 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libxss-dev amd64 1:1.2.2-1 [12.7 kB]

获取：19 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main python-tk amd64 2.7.5-1ubuntu1 [23.6 kB]

获取：20 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main tcl8.5 amd64 8.5.15-2ubuntu1 [13.9 kB]

获取：21 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main tcl8.5-dev amd64 8.5.15-2ubuntu1 [659 kB]

获取：22 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main tk8.5 amd64 8.5.15-2ubuntu3 [12.0 kB]

获取：23 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main tk8.5-dev amd64 8.5.15-2ubuntu3 [646 kB]

获取：24 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libwebp-dev amd64 0.4.0-4 [203 kB]

错误 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main libtiffxx5 amd64 4.0.3-7ubuntu0.3

404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.161 80]

错误 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main libtiff5-dev amd64 4.0.3-7ubuntu0.3

404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.161 80]

错误 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main libtiff4-dev amd64 4.0.3-7ubuntu0.3

404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.161 80]

下载 10.2 MB，耗时 1分 28秒 (116 kB/s)

E: 无法下载 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/t/tiff/libtiffxx5_4.0.3-7ubuntu0.3_amd64.deb 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.161 80]

E: 无法下载 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/t/tiff/libtiff5-dev_4.0.3-7ubuntu0.3_amd64.deb 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.161 80]

E: 无法下载 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/t/tiff/libtiff4-dev_4.0.3-7ubuntu0.3_amd64.deb 404 Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.161 80]

E: 有几个软件包无法下载，您可以运行 apt-get update 或者加上 --fix-missing 的选项再试试？

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ sudo apt-get update

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ sudo apt-get install libtiff4-dev libjpeg8-dev zlib1g-dev     libfreetype6-dev liblcms2-dev libwebp-dev tcl8.5-dev tk8.5-dev python-tk

正在读取软件包列表... 完成

正在分析软件包的依赖关系树

正在读取状态信息... 完成

zlib1g-dev 已经是最新的版本了。

将会安装下列额外的软件包：

libfontconfig1-dev libjbig-dev libjpeg-turbo8-dev liblcms2-2 liblcms2-2:i386

liblzma-dev libpng12-0 libpng12-0:i386 libpng12-dev libtcl8.5 libtiff5

libtiff5:i386 libtiff5-dev libtiffxx5 libtk8.5 libwebpdemux1 libxft-dev

libxrender-dev libxss-dev tcl8.5 tk8.5 x11proto-render-dev

x11proto-scrnsaver-dev

建议安装的软件包：

liblcms2-utils liblcms2-utils:i386 liblzma-doc tix python-tk-dbg

tcl-tclreadline tcl8.5-doc tk8.5-doc

下列【新】软件包将被安装：

libfontconfig1-dev libfreetype6-dev libjbig-dev libjpeg-turbo8-dev

libjpeg8-dev liblcms2-dev liblzma-dev libpng12-dev libtcl8.5 libtiff4-dev

libtiff5-dev libtiffxx5 libtk8.5 libwebp-dev libwebpdemux1 libxft-dev

libxrender-dev libxss-dev python-tk tcl8.5 tcl8.5-dev tk8.5 tk8.5-dev

x11proto-render-dev x11proto-scrnsaver-dev

下列软件包将被升级：

liblcms2-2 liblcms2-2:i386 libpng12-0 libpng12-0:i386 libtiff5 libtiff5:i386

升级了 6 个软件包，新安装了 25 个软件包，要卸载 0 个软件包，有 408 个软件包未被升级。

需要下载 5,914 kB/11.0 MB 的软件包。

解压缩后会消耗掉 28.6 MB 的额外空间。

您希望继续执行吗？ [Y/n] Y

。。。。

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ pip3 install Pillow

。。。。

creating /usr/local/lib/python3.4/dist-packages/PIL

error: could not create '/usr/local/lib/python3.4/dist-packages/PIL': Permission denied

----------------------------------------

Cleaning up...

Command /usr/bin/python3 -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip_build_senrsl/Pillow/setup.py';exec(compile(getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__).read().replace('\r\n', '\n'), __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-a1gsc85i-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip_build_senrsl/Pillow

Storing debug log for failure in /home/senrsl/.pip/pip.log

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ sudo pip3 install Pillow

。。。。

Successfully installed Pillow

Cleaning up...

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$

哎，我好无聊啊

然后就可以用图片处理的库了：

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ python3

Python 3.4.3 (default, Oct 14 2015, 20:28:29)

[GCC 4.8.4] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> from PIL import Image;

>>> im = Image.open("111111111.png");

>>> print(im.format,im.size,im.mode);

PNG (964, 787) RGB

>>> im.thumbnail((50,40));

>>> im.save("thumb.jpg","JPEG");

>>> exit();

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ ll

总用量 164

drwxrwxr-x 3 senrsl senrsl   4096 6月 20 17:33 ./

drwxrwxr-x 10 senrsl senrsl   4096 6月 14 11:12 ../

-rw-rw-r-- 1 senrsl senrsl 136100 2月 17 14:57 111111111.png

-rwxrwxr-x 1 senrsl senrsl    332 6月 20 16:51 helloWorld01.py*

-rwxrwxr-x 1 senrsl senrsl     94 6月 14 18:08 helloWorld.py*

-rwxrwxr-x 1 senrsl senrsl     71 6月 14 18:07 helloWorld.py~*

drwxrwxr-x 2 senrsl senrsl   4096 6月 20 16:55 __pycache__/

-rw-rw-r-- 1 senrsl senrsl   1214 6月 20 17:33 thumb.jpg

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$

环境变量：

>>> import sys;

>>> sys.path;

['', '/usr/lib/python3.4', '/usr/lib/python3.4/plat-x86_64-linux-gnu', '/usr/lib/python3.4/lib-dynload', '/usr/local/lib/python3.4/dist-packages', '/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages']

>>>

8，面向对象
OOP：Object Oriented Programming
封装，继承，多态

1)类Class/实例Instance
类是抽象的模板；
实例是根据类创建出来的一个个具体的对象；

定义一个类：

>>> class Student(object):

... pass

...

>>>

类名首字母大写，所有类都继承于object类

从这个类创建一个实例b：

>>> b = Student();

>>> b

<__main__.Student object at 0x7fe0fe1fd588>

>>> Student

<class '__main__.Student'>

>>>

带参数的构造函数：

>>> class Student01(object):

...     def __init__(self,name,age):

...         self.name=name;

...         self.age = age;

...

>>> c = Student01("小A",100);

>>> c.name;

'小A'

>>> c.age;

100

>>>

2)变量私有化

格式为 __xxx为私有变量，外部无法访问；
格式为__xxx__为特殊变量；
格式为_xxx为可以访问但请不要访问的私有变量；

>>> class Student02(object):

...     def __init__(self,name,age):

...         self.__name=name;

...         self.__age=age;

...     def print_info(self):

...         print("信息 %s 是%s" % (self.__name,self.__age));

...     def get_name(self):

...         return self.__name;

...     def get_age(self):

...         return self.__age;

...     def set_score(self,score):

...         self.__age = score;

...     def set_name(self,name):

...         self.__name = name;

...

>>> d = Student02("小B",11);

>>> d.print_info();

信息小B 是11

>>> d.get_name();

'小B'

>>> d.set_name("小小B");

>>> d.get_name();

'小小B'

>>> d.print_info();

信息小小B 是11

>>>

不要在意那些细节

3)继承和多态
鸭子类型

4)获取对象信息
①使用type()

>>> type(1);

<class 'int'>

>>> type("1");

<class 'str'>

>>> type(abs);

<class 'builtin_function_or_method'>

>>> type(d);

<class '__main__.Student02'>

>>>

>>> import types;

>>> def fn():

... pass;

...

>>> type(fn) == types.FunctionType;

True

>>> type(abs) == types.BuiltinFunctionType;

True

>>> type(lambda x : x) == types.LambdaType;

True

>>> type(x for x in range(10)) == types.GeneratorType;

True

>>>

②isinstance()

>>> isinstance(d,Student02);

True

>>> isinstance(d,object);

True

>>> isinstance(1,object);

True

>>> isinstance(1,int);

True

>>> isinstance([1,2,3],(list,tuple));

True

>>>

③dir()
获取一个对象的所有属性和方法

>>> dir("ABC");

['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'capitalize', 'casefold', 'center', 'count', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'format_map', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isdecimal', 'isdigit', 'isidentifier', 'islower', 'isnumeric', 'isprintable', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'maketrans', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill']

>>> len("ABC");

3

>>> "ABC".__len__();

3

>>>

5)实例属性和类属性
类本身属性

>>> class Student03(object):

... name = "Student";

...

>>> print(Student03.name);

Student

>>>

看起来像是static

8.1 面向对象高级

1)使用__slots__限制动态绑定
①动态绑定属性

>>> class Student(object):

... pass;

...

>>> s = Student();

>>> s.name = "fuck";

>>> print(s.name);

fuck

>>>

②动态绑定方法
a)给实例动态绑定一个方法，作用于单个实例：

>>> def set_age(self,age):

... self.age = age;

...

>>> from types import MethodType;

>>> s.set_age = MethodType(set_age,s);

>>> s.set_age(111);

>>> s.age

111

>>>

b)给class动态绑定一个方法，作用于全部实例：

>>> Student.set_score = set_score;

>>> s.set_score(100);

>>> s.score

100

>>>

③使用__slots限制绑定

限制绑定只对当前类有效，对子类无效

>>> class Student(object):

... __slots__ = ("name","age"); # 用tuple定义允许绑定的属性名称

...

>>> s = Student();

>>> s.name = "a";

>>> s.age = 2;

>>> s.score = 1;

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

AttributeError: 'Student' object has no attribute 'score'

>>>

>>> class Student01(Student):

... pass;

...

>>> s01 = Student01();

>>> s01.score = 1;

>>>

2)使用@property装饰器把一个方法变成属性调用

>>> class Student02(object):

...     @property

...     def birth(self):

...         return self._birth;

...     @birth.setter

...     def birth(self,value):

...         self._birth = value;

...     @property

...     def age(self):

...         return 2015-self._birth;

...

>>> b = Student02();

>>> b.birth = 1900;

>>> b.birth;

1900

>>> b.age;

115

>>>

birth是可读写，age是只读属性；

3)多重继承
继承一般都是单一继承，一个继承一个
Mixln设计

>>> class Animal(object):

...     pass;

...

>>> class Mammal(Animal):

...     pass;

...

>>> class RunableMixln(object):

...     pass;

...

>>> class FlyableMixln(object):

...     pass;

...

>>> class Dog(Mammal,RunableMixln,FlyableMixln):

...     pass;

...

>>>

4)定制类
特殊用途的函数，可以用来定制类
所有可定制方法：https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#special- method-names

>>> class Student(object):

...     def __init__(self,name):

...         self.name = name;

...     def __str__(self):

...         return "Student object has name:%s!" % self.name;

...     __repr__ = __str__;

...

>>> print(Student("啊"));

Student object has name:啊!

>>> s = Student("呃");

>>> s

Student object has name:呃!

>>>

其中__str__作用于print(Student("啊"));
其中__repr__作用于s；
上面这俩就是.toString();

定义类支持迭代：

>>> class Fib(object):

...     def __init__(self,max):

...         self.a,self.b = 0,1;

...         self._max = max;

...     def __iter__(self):

...         return self;

...     def __next__(self):

...         self.a,self.b = self.b,self.a+self.b;

...         if self.a > self._max:

...             raise StopIteration();

...         return self.a;

...     def __getitem__(self,n):

...         if isinstance(n,int): # n是索引

...             a,b = 1,1;

...             for x in range(n):

...                 a,b = b,a+b;

...             return a;

...         if isinstance(n,slice): # n是切片

...             start = n.start;

...             stop = n.stop;

...             if start is None:

...                 start = 0;

...             a,b = 1,1;

...             L = [];

...             for x in range(stop):

...                 if x >= start:

...                     L.append(a);

...                 a,b = b,a+b;

...             return L;

...

>>> f = Fib(100);

>>> f[0]

1

>>> f[10]

89

>>> f[0:5];

[1, 1, 2, 3, 5]

>>> f[:10]

[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]

>>>

其中__iter__是迭代支撑；
其中__next__是迭代的每一步；
其中__getitem__是支持下标跟切片；

可以动态设置属性：

>>> class Student(object):

...     def __init__(self):

...         self.name = "名字";

...     def __getattr__(self,attr):

...         if attr == "age":

...             return 100;

...         elif attr == "score":

...             return lambda:25;

...         raise AttributeError("没有no attr %s !" % attr);

...

>>> s = Student();

>>> s.name

'名字'

>>> s.age

100

>>> s.score();

25

>>> s.aaa

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

File "<stdin>", line 9, in __getattr__

AttributeError: 没有no attr aaa !

>>>

判断一个对象是不是可以被调用：

>>> class Student(object):

...     def __init__(self,name):

...         self.name = name;

...     def __call__(self):

...         print("name 是 %s!" % self.name);

...

>>> s = Student("啊啊啊");

>>> s()

name 是啊啊啊!

>>>

>>> callable(Student("啊啊啊"));

True

>>> callable(max);

True

>>> callable([1,2,3]);

False

>>>

5)枚举
两种方式

>>> from enum import Enum;

>>> Month = Enum("Month",("Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"));

>>> for name,member in Month.__members__.items():

...     print(name,"=>",member,",",member.value);

...

Jan => Month.Jan , 1

Feb => Month.Feb , 2

Mar => Month.Mar , 3

Apr => Month.Apr , 4

May => Month.May , 5

Jun => Month.Jun , 6

Jul => Month.Jul , 7

Aug => Month.Aug , 8

Sep => Month.Sep , 9

Oct => Month.Oct , 10

Nov => Month.Nov , 11

Dec => Month.Dec , 12

>>>

>>> from enum import Enum,unique;

>>> @unique

... class Weekday(Enum):

...     Sun = 0;

...     Mon = 1;

...     Tue = 2;

...     Wed = 3;

...     Thu = 4;

...     Fri = 5;

...     Sat = 6;

...

>>> day1 = Weekday.Mon;

>>> print(day1);

Weekday.Mon

>>> print(Weekday.Tue);

Weekday.Tue

>>> print(Weekday["Tue"]);

Weekday.Tue

>>> print(Weekday.Tue.value);

2

>>> for name,member in Weekday.__members__.items():

...     print(name,"->",member);

...

Sun -> Weekday.Sun

Mon -> Weekday.Mon

Tue -> Weekday.Tue

Wed -> Weekday.Wed

Thu -> Weekday.Thu

Fri -> Weekday.Fri

Sat -> Weekday.Sat

>>>

6)动态创建类

①使用type动态创建类
动态创建一个class

>>> class Hello(object):

...     def hello(self,name="world"):

...         print("Hello,%s!" % name);

...

>>> h = Hello();

>>> h.hello();

Hello,world!

>>> print(type(Hello));

<class 'type'>

>>> print(type(h));

<class '__main__.Hello'>

>>>

>>> def fn(self,name="word"):

...     print("hello,%s !" % name);

...

>>> Hello = type("Hello",(object,),dict(hello=fn));

>>> h = Hello();

>>> h.hello();

hello,word !

>>> print(type(Hello));

<class 'type'>

>>> print(type(h));

<class '__main__.Hello'>

>>>

>>> Hello1 = type("Hello2",(object,),dict(hello=fn));

>>> h1 = Hello1();

>>> print(type(Hello1));

<class 'type'>

>>> print(type(Hello2));

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

NameError: name 'Hello2' is not defined

>>> print(type(h1));

<class '__main__.Hello2'>

>>>

需要传入三个参数：

Hello1 = type("Hello2",(object,),dict(hello=fn));

指向变量 = type("类名",(继承的第一个父类,继承的第二个父类,),dict(第一个函数=第一个函数绑定的方法));

上面那个dict里面用冒号发现会报错。

②metaclass元类
一个demo:

>>> class ListMetaclass(type):

...     def __new__(cls,name,bases,attrs):

...         attrs["add"] = lambda self,value : self.append(value);

...         return type.__new__(cls,name,bases,attrs);

...

>>> class MyList(list,metaclass=ListMetaclass):

...     pass;

...

>>> L = MyList();

>>> L.add(1);

>>> L

[1]

>>>

其中__new__()方法的参数：

def __new__(当前准备创建类的对象,类名,父类集合,类的方法集合);

使用metaclass构建一个简单的ORM架构
ORM为对象-关系映射，Object Relational Mapping.

>>> class Filed(object):

...     def __init__(self,name,column_type):

...         self.name = name;

...         self.column_type = column_type;

...     def __str__(self):

...         return "<%s : %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__,self.name);

...

>>> class StringFiled(Filed):

...     def __init__(self,name):

...         super(StringFiled,self).__init__(name,"varchar(100)");

...

>>> class IntegerFiled(Filed):

...     def __init__(self,name):

...         super(IntegerFiled,self).__init__(name,"bigint");

...

>>> class ModelMetaclass(type):

...     def __new__(cls,name,bases,attrs):

...         if name == "Model":

...             return type.__new__(cls,name,bases,attrs);

...         print("发现model：%s" % name);

...         mappings = dict();

...         for k,v in attrs.items():

...             if isinstance(v,Filed):

...                 print("发现映射关系%s=====>%s" % (k,v));

...                 mappings[k] = v;

...         for k in mappings.keys():

...             attrs.pop(k);

...         attrs["__mappings__"] = mappings;#保存属性和列的映射关系

...         attrs["__table__"] = name; # 假设表名和类名一致

...         return type.__new__(cls,name,bases,attrs);

...

>>> class Model(dict,metaclass=ModelMetaclass):

...     def __init__(self,**kw):

...         super(Model,self).__init__(**kw);

...     def __getattr__(self,key):

...         try:

...             return self[key];

...         except KeyError:

...             raise AttributeError("对象Model没这个属性%s" % key);

...     def __setattr__(self,key,value):

...         self[key] = value;

...     def save(self):

...         fields = [];

...         params = [];

...         args = [];

...         for k,v in self.__mappings__.items():

...             fields.append(v.name);

...             params.append("?");

...             args.append(getattr(self,k,None));

...         sql = "insert into %s (%s) values (%s)" % (self.__table__,",".join(fields),",".join(params));

...         print("SQL语句 %s" % sql);

...         print("ARGS参数 %s " % str(args));

...

>>> class User(Model):

...     id = IntegerFiled("id");

...     name = StringFiled("username");

...     email = StringFiled("email");

...     password = StringFiled("password");

...

发现model：User

发现映射关系id=====><IntegerFiled : id>

发现映射关系name=====><StringFiled : username>

发现映射关系email=====><StringFiled : email>

发现映射关系password=====><StringFiled : password>

>>> u = User(id = 12345,name="fuck",email= "fuck@fuck.org",password="fffuck");

>>> u.save();

SQL语句 insert into User (email,password,id,username) values (?,?,?,?)

ARGS参数 ['fuck@fuck.org', 'fffuck', 12345, 'fuck']

>>>

不明觉厉。。。。

9，Exception/Debug/UnitTest

1)异常
①try-catch-finally

>>> try:

...     print("try");

...     r = 10/int("2");

...     print("result",r);

... except ValueError as e:

...     print("错误 value:",e);

... except ZeroDivisionError as e:

...     print("除0错误：",e);

... else:

...     print("没有错误");

... finally:

...     print("结束");

...

try

result 5.0

没有错误

结束

>>>

多了个不伦不类的else.
所有的异常都在这https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#exception- hierarchy

②堆栈调用

>>> def foo(s):

...     return 10/int(s);

...

>>> def bar(s):

...     return foo(s)*2;

...

>>> def main():

...     bar("0");

...

>>> main();

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

File "<stdin>", line 2, in main

File "<stdin>", line 2, in bar

File "<stdin>", line 2, in foo

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

>>>

逐层查找错误位置及原因

③日志记录logging

>>> import logging;

>>> def foo(s):

...     return 10/int(s);

...

>>> def bar(s):

...     return foo(s)*2;

...

>>> def main():

...     try:

...         bar("0");

...     except Exception as e:

...         logging.exception(e);

...     else:

...         print("不伦不类");

...     finally:

...         print("End");

...     print("End");

...

>>> main();

ERROR:root:division by zero

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 3, in main

File "<stdin>", line 2, in bar

File "<stdin>", line 2, in foo

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

End

End

>>>

抛了异常后，else也不执行了，这个代码块直接finally然后下个代码块。

④自定义异常

>>> class FooErr(ValueError):

...     pass;

...

>>> def foo(s):

...     n = int(s);

...     if n == 0:

...         raise FooErr("无效值%s" % s);

...     return 10/n;

...

>>> foo("0");

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

File "<stdin>", line 4, in foo

__main__.FooErr: 无效值0

2)debug
①print("xxxxxx");
②assert

>>> def foo(s):

...     n = int(s);

...     assert n != 0,"n是0";

...     return 10 / n;

...

>>> foo(0);

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

File "<stdin>", line 3, in foo

AssertionError: n是0

>>> foo(3);

3.3333333333333335

>>>

可以用在启动的时候python3 -O xx.py来pass断言。

③logging

>>> import logging;

>>> logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARNING);

>>> def fuck(s):

...     logging.debug("当前级别是debug:%s" % s);

...     logging.info("当前级别是info:%s" % s);

...     logging.warning("当前级别是warning：%s" % s);

...     logging.error("当前级别是error：%s" % s);

...

>>> fuck("啊不错的风格");

WARNING:root:当前级别是warning：啊不错的风格

ERROR:root:当前级别是error：啊不错的风格

>>>

④pdb
pdb模式下：
    【l】查看代码；
    【n】单步执行；
    【p 变量名】查看变量；
    【q】退出；

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ python3 -m pdb helloWorld01.py

> /home/senrsl/test/python3/helloWorld01.py(4)<module>()

-> "这是注释"

(Pdb) n

> /home/senrsl/test/python3/helloWorld01.py(6)<module>()

-> __author__ = "senRsl";

(Pdb) l

1     #!/usr/bin/env python3

2     # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

3

4     "这是注释"

5

6 ->    __author__ = "senRsl";

7

8     import sys;

9

10     def test():

11         args = sys.argv;

(Pdb) n

> /home/senrsl/test/python3/helloWorld01.py(8)<module>()

-> import sys;

(Pdb) n

> /home/senrsl/test/python3/helloWorld01.py(10)<module>()

-> def test():

(Pdb) n

> /home/senrsl/test/python3/helloWorld01.py(19)<module>()

-> if __name__ == "__main__":

(Pdb) n

> /home/senrsl/test/python3/helloWorld01.py(20)<module>()

-> test();

(Pdb) n

你好啊

--Return--

> /home/senrsl/test/python3/helloWorld01.py(20)<module>()->None

-> test();

(Pdb) n

--Return--

> <string>(1)<module>()->None

(Pdb) p __author__

'senRsl'

(Pdb) q

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$

打断点：
代码中
import pdb;
pdb.set_trace();
代码运行到这里就自动进入pdb了。。。。

附，pdb的命令：

命令    解释

break 或 b         设置断点

continue 或 c    继续执行程序

list 或 l              查看当前行的代码段

step 或 s          进入函数

return 或 r        执行代码直到从当前函数返回

exit 或 q           中止并退出

next 或 n          执行下一行

p 变量名           打印变量的值

help                  帮助

⑤IDE
一个好用的IDE是多么的重要。
PyCharm:https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/
Eclipse的pydev插件。

3)单元测试
TDD，测试驱动开发，Test-Driven Development.
测试用例

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ mkdir unittest

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ touch unittest/testDict.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ touch unittest/TestDict.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ vi unittest/testDict.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ vi unittest/TestDict.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ python3 unittest/TestDict.py

这个是up

这个是Down

.这个是up

这个是Down

.这个是up

这个是Down

.这个是up

这个是Down

.这个是up

这个是Down

.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Ran 5 tests in 0.001s

OK

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ cd unittest/

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3/unittest$ python3 -m unittest TestDict

这个是up

这个是Down

.这个是up

这个是Down

.这个是up

这个是Down

.这个是up

这个是Down

.这个是up

这个是Down

.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Ran 5 tests in 0.001s

OK

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3/unittest$

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3/unittest$ cat testDict.py

class testDict(dict):

    def __init__(self,**kw):

        super().__init__(**kw);

    def __getattr__(self,key):

        try:

            return self[key];

        except KeyError:

            raise AttributeError(r"'testDict'对象没属性 %s !" % key);

    def __setattr__(self,key,value):

        self[key] = value;

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3/unittest$ cat TestDict.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import unittest;

from testDict import testDict;

class TestDict(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_init(self):

        d = testDict(a=1,b="测试");

        self.assertEqual(d.a,1);

        self.assertEqual(d.b,"测试");

        self.assertTrue(isinstance(d,dict));

    def test_key(self):

        d = testDict();

        d["key"] = "value";

        self.assertEqual(d.key,"value");

    def test_attr(self):

        d = testDict();

        d.key = "value";

        self.assertTrue("key" in d);

        self.assertEqual(d["key"],"value");

    def test_keyerror(self):

        d = testDict();

        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):

            value = d["empty"];

    def test_attrerror(self):

        d = testDict();

        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):

            value = d.empty;

    def setUp(self):

        print("这个是up");

    def tearDown(self):

        print("这个是Down");

if __name__ == "__main__":

    unittest.main();

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3/unittest$

4)文档测试
文档注释
python，一个靠不停space就能高潮的语言

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3/unittest$ cd ..

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ mkdir doctest

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ cp unittest/testDict.py doctest/

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ vi doctest/testDict.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ python3 doctest/testDict.py

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$ cat doctest/testDict.py

class testDict(dict):

    '''

    这是一个简单的文档注释

    >>> d1 = testDict();

    >>> d1["x"] = 100;

    >>> d1.x

    100

    >>> d1.y = 200;

    >>> d1["y"]

    200

    >>> d2 = testDict(a=1,b=2,c="fuck");

    >>> d2.c

    'fuck'

    >>> d2['empty']

    Traceback (most recent call last):

        ...

    KeyError: 'empty'

    >>> d2.empty

    Traceback (most recent call last):

      ...

    AttributeError: 'testDict'对象没属性 empty !

    '''

    def __init__(self,**kw):

        super().__init__(**kw);

    def __getattr__(self,key):

        try:

            return self[key];

        except KeyError:

            raise AttributeError(r"'testDict'对象没属性 %s !" % key);

    def __setattr__(self,key,value):

        self[key] = value;

if __name__ == "__main__":

    import doctest;

    doctest.testmod();

senrsl@senrsl-T540p:~/test/python3$

2016年06月28日17:15:39
基础姿势到这就差不多了，后面搞实际的。。。。

感觉也就两天，原来已经两周了，这主要归功于最近没好好上班，即便上班也处于长时间脱岗状态。。。。

按照规划来看，这个教程三篇就能结束了，第一篇所有基础知识，第二篇基础进阶，比方说IO，线程，通讯之类，第三片实战模拟。

反正上班也没事干，不知道在离职前能不能把python学完。。。。想想当年C primer plus学到不到一半就放下结果现在很难拿起来，太可惜了，又要重新去学那个。。。。

就这样吧。

senRsl
2016年06月14日11:13:17

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python3学习之基础篇

2016年6月28日星期二

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